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نقش نهادهای ناظر و تنظیمگر در پیشگیری از ورشکستگی بانکها و شرکتهای بیمه (مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق آمریکا و ایران) | ||
| دوفصلنامه علمی دانش حقوق مدنی | ||
| دوره 13، (پاییز و زمستان 1403) پیاپی 26، مهر 1403، صفحه 55-74 اصل مقاله (1.91 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30473/clk.2025.72642.3299 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| خدیجه شیروانی* ؛ محمد حسن حسنی | ||
| استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دامغان، دامغان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بانکها و شرکتهای بیمه در اقتصاد نقش کلیدی دارند و در واقع، نبض تپنده اقتصاد محسوب میشوند. این نهادها ویژگیهای متمایزی دارند که باعث میشود آثار مضر ورشکستگی آنها برای اقتصاد کشور بیش از سایر شرکتها لمس شود. به همین دلیل، قانونگذاران اغلب تلاش کردهاند به هر روشی که ممکن است از ورشکستگی آنها پیشگیری کنند و در راستای تحقق این هدف تنظیمگران و ناظرانی را برای این نهادها پیشبینی کردهاند. تلاش تنظیمگران و ناظران این است که اطمینان یابند مؤسسه داوطلب عنوان بانک یا شرکت بیمه، شایستگی فعالیت در این زمینه را دارد و در صورت احراز صلاحیت به وی مجـوز تأسیس میدهنـد که ایـن نوع نظارت، نظارت در مرحله صدور است. سپس تلاش تنظیمگران و ناظران بر این است که به شیوههای گوناگون از ضعف مالی و در نهایت ورشکستگی مؤسسههای تحت تنظیمگری و نظارتشان پیشگیری کنند. این روشها بسته به قوانین حاکم متفاوت هستند. در کشور ما بر اساس قانون، بانک مرکزی و بیمه مرکزی تنها نهادهای تنظیمگری و نظارتی بر بانکها و شرکتهای بیمه هستند. نظام بانکی آمریکا، نظامی دوگانه شامل بانکهای فدرال و ایالتی است و وظیفه تنظیمگری تنها محدود به نهاد خاصی نیست. همچنین، در این کشور تنظیم مقررات شرکتهای بیمه و نظارت بر آنها به ایالات واگذار شده است و نظام نظارت حاکم بر شرکتهای این کشور از یکپارچگی و وحدت برخوردار نیست. در این نوشتار، به بررسی نهادهای تنظیمگر و ناظر در نظام حقوقی آمریکا و ایران پرداختیم و وظایف و اختیارات نهادهای مذکور را در این رابطه بررسی کردیم. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ورشکستگی؛ ناظر؛ تنظیمگر؛ بانک؛ بیمه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Role of Supervisory and Regulatory Institutions in Preventing the Bankruptcy of Banks and Insurance Companies (a Comparative Study in American and Iranian Law) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| khadije shirvani؛ Mohammad hasan Hasani | ||
| Assistant Professor of Private Law, Faculty of Human Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Banks and insurance companies play a key role in the economy. These institutions have distinctive characteristics from other commercial institutions, which makes the harmful effects of their bankruptcy more felt for the country's economy than other companies. For this reason, legislators have often tried to prevent their bankruptcy in every possible way and in order to achieve this goal, they have provided regulators and supervisors for these institutions. All the efforts of the regulators and supervisors are to make sure that the institution that wants to operate as a bank or insurance company has the competence and if he is qualified, they will grant him an establishment license, which is called supervision at the issuing stage. After issuing the license, regulators and supervisors try to prevent the financial weakness and eventual bankruptcy of the institutions under their regulation and supervision in various ways. These methods are different depending on the governing laws. In our country the Central Bank and the Central Insurance are the only regulatory and supervisory institutions for banks and insurance companies. The American banking system is a dual system including federal and state banks, and the task of regulation is not limited to a specific institution. Also, regulation of insurance companies and their supervision has been left to the states, and the supervision system governing the companies of this country does not have integrity and unity. In this article, we examined the regulatory and supervisory institutions in the American and Iranian legal systems. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Insolvency, Supervisor, Regulators, Bank, Insurance | ||
| مراجع | ||
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