Predicting Video Game Addiction Based on Self-Confidence and Social Exclusion Among Adolescent Girls

Hosseini Chaleshtari, Seyedeh Zahra; Ghojavand, Ghasem; Talebian Sharif, Jafar

doi:10.30473/sc.2025.73959.3054

Journals List

Payam Noor University

Regulation

Flowchart

PNU

	Predicting Video Game Addiction Based on Self-Confidence and Social Exclusion Among Adolescent Girls
شناخت اجتماعی
Article 6, Volume 13, Issue 26, November 2024, Pages 101-115 PDF (709.35 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30473/sc.2025.73959.3054
Authors
Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini chaleshtari^* ¹; Ghasem Ghojavand²; Jafar Talebian sharif³
¹Master's Student in Social Work, Hekmat Razavi Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran.
²Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Hekmat Razavi Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran.
³Assistant Professor, Hekmat Razavi Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
This study aimed to predict video game addiction based on the variables of self-confidence and social exclusion among adolescent girls in Mashhad. The research employed a descriptive-correlational design with an applied purpose. The statistical population comprised all female high school students aged 16-18 in Mashhad during the 2024-2025 academic year. A sample of 310 participants was selected through cluster sampling. Data collection instruments included Wang and Chang’s (2022) Video Game Addiction Questionnaire, Moradi et al.’s (2024) Self-confidence Questionnaire, Hof and Roman’s (2011) Social Exclusion Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) were calculated, while inferential analysis employed stepwise linear regression and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results revealed Social exclusion alone accounted for 37 percent of the variance in video game addiction (R²=0.37), A significant positive correlation was found between video game addiction and both self-confidence and social exclusion. Together, these variables predicted 43percent of video game addiction variance (R²=0.43, F=118.781, p<0.001). Video game addiction was significantly predictable based on self-confidence and social exclusion measures. The results demonstrate that both self-confidence and social exclusion serve as crucial predictive factors for video game addiction among adolescent girls. These findings suggest that School counselors and adolescent psychologists should prioritize these variables when addressing video game addiction cases, Intervention programs should focus on enhancing self-confidence while reducing social exclusion experiences, Preventive strategies need to incorporate both psychological and social dimensions.
Keywords
Video game addiction; Self-confidence; Social exclusion; Adolescent girls

References
Ahmed, G. K., Abdalla, A. A., Mohamed, A. M., Mohamed, L. A., & Shamaa, H. A. (2022). Relation between internet gaming addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders and emotion avoidance among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 312, 114584. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114584 Alalyani, M. (2025). Identifying struggling students: Exploring student factors such as gaming addiction which lead to grade retention and other challenges. Al-Majallah Al-Dawliyah lil-ulum al-Tarbawiyah wa-al-Adab, 4(1), 17.doi:10.59992/IJESA.2025.v4n1p17 Almášiová, A., Šavrnochová, M., Barták, M., Almáši, M., Holdoš, J., Vaška, L., & Hudecová, A. (2019). Excessive use of the internet and playing computer games in socially excluded Slovak communities. Adiktologie, 19(4), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.35198/01-2019-004-0001 Amini Manesh, S., Nazari, A. M., Moradi, A., & Farzad, V. (2015). Youth addiction to online games: The role of self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Strategic Studies in Sports and Youth, 13(25), 1–20. [In Persian] https://www.civilica.com/doc/1411920 Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2021). Digital media use and adolescent mental health: A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106528. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528 Arabi, P., Bagheri, N., & Mirhashmi, M. (2021). Modeling the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between attachment styles and dependence on virtual social networks. Educational Innovations, 19(4), 65–84. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/JEI.2020.121549. Bak, C. K. (2018). Definitions and measurement of social exclusion—A conceptual and methodological review. Advances in Applied Sociology, 8(5), 422-443. Baumeister, R. F., & Robson, D. A. (2021). Belongingness and the modern schoolchild: On loneliness, socioemotional health, self-esteem, evolutionary mismatch, online sociality, and the numbness of rejection. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1877573 Bediou, B., Adams, D. M., Mayer, R. E., Tipton, E., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2018). Meta-analysis of action video game impact on perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills. Psychological Bulletin, 144(1), 77–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000130 Chen, I. H., Lee, Z. H., Dong, X. Y., & Gamble, J. H. (2020). The influence of parenting style and time management tendency on internet gaming disorder among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 9120. doi:10.3390/ijerph17239120 Choi, S. (2024). Welfare attitudes in Korean society: Effects of cohort and social exclusion. Policy & Politics. doi:10.1332/17598273Y2024D000000018 Ciccarelli, M., Cosenza, M., Nigro, G., Griffiths, M., & D’Olimpio, F. (2022). Gaming and gambling in adolescence: The role of personality, reflective functioning, time perspective and dissociation. International Gambling Studies, 22(1), 161–179. doi:10.1080/14459795.2021 Dadfar, M., Shah Nazari, M., & Ostvar, Z. (2021). Predicting online gaming addiction based on perceived parenting styles and schemas. Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences, and Education, 3(31),190–210.[InPersian] https://www.civilica.com/doc/1501040 Dong, W., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2023). Parental phubbing and Chinese adolescents’ SNSs addiction: Loneliness as a mediator and self-esteem as a moderator. Current Psychology, 42(29), 25699–25712. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04152-2 Eqbal, A. (2020). The impact of online games on internet addiction among adolescents in Tehran. The 5th Freethinking Media Defense Chair and the 25th Specialized Meeting on Economics and Media, Damavand, Iran. [In Persian] https://www.civilica.com/doc/1136955 Haji Hasani Darresuri, K. (2023). A review of the concept of self-confidence and strategies to enhance it in students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 5(50), 94–104. [In Persian] http://noo.rs/6j4o8 Hamari, J., & Keronen, L. (2017). Why do people play games? A meta-analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 37(3), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.01.006 Han, T. S., Cho, H., Sung, D., & Park, M. H. (2022). A systematic review of the impact of COVID-19 on the game addiction of children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 976601. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976601 Hoff, S., & Vrooman, C. (2011). Dimensions of social exclusion: Towards an improved instrument. The Hague: Social and Cultural Planning Office. https://parsmodir.com/db/hrm/social-exclusion.php Kalantari, B., Sajadi, Z., & Razavian, M. T. (2021). Evaluation and analysis of social exclusion indicators in urban spaces (Case study: District 12 of Tehran Municipality). Journal of Urban Social Geography, 7(17), 1–26. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22103/JUSG.2020.2016 Limone, P., Ragni, B., & Toto, G. A. (2023). The epidemiology and effects of video game addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica, 241, 104047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104047 Mehri, A., Yaseri, M., Rahimi, D., & Nejat, S. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Self-Confidence Questionnaire (PEI). Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 16(2), 134–143. [In Persian] http://irje.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6591-fa.html Moradi, R., Mohammadi, M., Bahman Ziyari, N., & Timourian, N. (2014). The relationship between self-confidence and risk-taking among female students residing in dormitories of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 14(7), 626–632. [In Persian] http://ijme.mui.ac.ir/article-1-3275-fa.html Muezzin, E. E., Arslan, N. F., & Karaaziz, M. (2024). Do social exclusion and parental attitudes predict online gaming addiction in adolescents? Bağımlılık Dergisi, 25(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1359134 Nejati, S., Bashardoust, S., & Saberi, H. (2023). Presenting a clinical decision-making model based on emotional intelligence with the mediation of self-efficacy beliefs and self-confidence among nursing staff in hospitals in Rasht. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 65(2), 543–558. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22038/MJMS.2022.65585.3854 Niazi, M., Shafaei Moghadam, E., & Hassanzadeh, Z. (2019). The relationship between video game addiction and social isolation in adolescents: A case study of middle school boys in Kashan in 2016. Iranian Cultural Research, 12(1), 85–108. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22035/jicr.2019.380 O'Donnell, S. C., Falk, E. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2018). The neurocognitive basis of social rejection and its consequences for adolescent health and well-being. In B. Knutson (Ed.), The teenage brain: A neuroeconomic approach to healthy adolescent decision-making (pp. 147–164). Oxford University Press. O’Donnell, P., O’Donovan, D., & Elmusharaf, K. (2018). Measuring social exclusion in healthcare settings: a scoping review. International journal for equity in health, 17, 1-16. Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., von Gontard, A., & Popow, C. (2018). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13754 PourAbbas, A. (2019). The relationship between loneliness and alienation with addiction to computer games among high school students [Master’s thesis, University of Tabriz]. [In Persian] https://bit.ly/3Zt4ov8 Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Meta-analysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882–9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114 Shahraki, N., and Kavsi, M. (2023). Investigating the benefits and harms of computer games for children and adolescents. In the National Conference on Modern Research in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Iran, Sadra Center for Applied Studies and Research in Islamic Humanities. [In Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/1967711 Sarmad, Z., Hejazi, E., & Bazargan, A. (2011). Research methods in behavioral sciences. Tehran: Agah Publications. [In Persian] Sebktekin-Rizi, G., & Moosazadeh, A. (2018). A sociological study of the relationship between quality of life and social exclusion (Case study: Residents of District 18 of Tehran). Social-Cultural Strategy Journal, 23(6), 221–253. [In Persian] https://www.civilica.com/doc/1259250 Suler, J. (2005). The online disinhibition effect. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 2(2), 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.42 Tofigh, Z. (2015). Child psychology. Nashr-e Nay. [In Persian] Whang, L. S., & Chang, G. Y. (2002). Psychological analysis of online game users. Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction, 2, 81–90. https://bit.ly/4f9bqee Widyanto, L., & McMurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.443 Wu, P., Feng, R., & Zhang, J. (2024). The relationship between loneliness and problematic social media usage in Chinese university students: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychology, 12, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01498-4 Young, K. S. (2009). Internet addiction: Diagnosis and treatment considerations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39(4), 241–246.[Doi: 10.1007/s10879-009-9120-x] Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. Yousefi, M. M., Amirmozafari, A., & Kaldi, A. (2022). The roots and dimensions of social exclusion: A case study of marginalized communities in Masiri, Fars Province. Journal of Anthropology, 19(34), 273–314. [In Persian] https://www.magiran.com/p2532985 Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2022). Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and smartphone addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 945631. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945631 Zajac, K., Ginley, M. K., Chang, R., & Petry, N. M. (2017). Treatments for internet gaming disorder and internet addiction: A systematic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(8), 979–994. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000315 Zandi Payam, A., & Mirzaeidoostan, Z. (2020). Online game addiction relationship with cognitive distortion, parenting style, and narcissistic personality traits in students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 72–83. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.25.1.72 Zandi Payam, A., Davoudi, I., & Mehrabi Zadeh Honar Mand, M. (2015). Normative assessment and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the online gaming addiction questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 21(4), 351–361.[In Persian] https://sid.ir/paper/16563/fa Zapko, K. A., Ferranto, M. L. G., Blasiman, R., & Shelestak, D. (2018). Evaluating best educational practices, student satisfaction, and self-confidence in simulation: A descriptive study. Nurse education today, 60, 28-34.
Statistics Article View: 402 PDF Download: 22

Related Links

News

Predicting Video Game Addiction Based on Self-Confidence and Social Exclusion Among Adolescent Girls