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مدل پارادایمی توسعه صنعت ورزش ایران: رویکرد نظریه دادهبنیاد | ||
| فصلنامه علمی پژوهشهای کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 01 مهر 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30473/arsm.2026.78337.4060 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ژاله معماری* 1؛ زهرا عله زاده2؛ سید نصراله سجادی3 | ||
| 1دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3استاد، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| امروزه ورزش به عنوان یک صنعت جهانی و سودآور، نقش کلیدی در توسعه اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشورها ایفا میکند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف ارائه مدلی برای توسعه صنعت ورزش ایران طراحی شده است. این پژوهش از نوع اکتشافی و با رویکرد بنیادین انجام شده و دادهها از طریق ۱۲ مصاحبه عمیق با مدیران اجرایی، اعضای هیئت علمی و مدیران تولیدات ورزشی تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری گردآوری شدهاند. تحلیل دادهها با کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی صورت گرفت که به استخراج ۲۵۹ کد باز (بدون تکرار) و دستهبندی آنها در قالب ۱۲ کد محوری انجامید. این عوامل عبارتند از: سازمانهای ورزشی مادر، سازمانهای غیرورزشی، قانونگذاری، آموزش و نیروی انسانی، حمایت از تولید، بخش خصوصی، اقتصاد ورزشی، زیرساختها، چندوجهی بودن ورزش، عوامل فرهنگی، بازاریابی و عوامل سیاسی. یافتهها نشان میدهد که از دیدگاه مشارکتکنندگان، دو عامل «اقتصاد ورزشی» و «آموزش و نیروی انسانی» بیشترین اهمیت را در توسعه صنعت ورزش دارند. تربیت بدنی و ورزش به دلیل نقش خود در ارتقای سلامت عمومی، افزایش نشاط اجتماعی و موفقیتهای بینالمللی، زمینهساز شکلگیری این صنعت شدهاند. همچنین تعامل دوسویه ورزش و اقتصاد سبب شده دولتها و بخش خصوصی با سرمایهگذاری در ورزش، از منافع اقتصادی آن بهرهمند شوند. در نهایت، توجه به ورزش در سطوح پایه، همگانی و قهرمانی، عاملی کلیدی برای تأمین نیروی انسانی سالم و پویا و شکوفایی اقتصادی و اجتماعی جامعه است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| اقتصاد؛ بخش خصوصی؛ زیر ساخت؛ عوامل سیاسی؛ فرهنگ | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Paradigmatic Model of Sports Industry Development in Iran: A Grounded Theory Approach | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zhaleh Memari1؛ Zahra Allah zadeh2؛ Seyed Nasorallah Sajadi3 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2MSc Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Sport today plays a critical economic role through the production and consumption of goods and services, significantly contributing to societal economic development. Globally, the sports industry is a lucrative sector, often surpassing industries such as automotive and cinema in financial terms. Major sporting events generate billions in revenue, while sport-related goods, media rights, and digital content continue to expand the industry's economic footprint. However, developing countries like Iran face unique challenges hindering the full exploitation of sport’s economic potential. These include economic volatility, limited government support, weak private sector engagement, underdeveloped infrastructure, and insufficient alignment between sport and national development strategies. The sports manufacturing sector—equipment, apparel, footwear—is vital but often suffers from outdated production methods, low technology adoption, and quality issues. To compete globally, firms must embrace innovation, world-class production principles, and value creation tailored to customer needs. Despite Iran’s considerable capacities—a young population, strong sporting culture, and growing interest in health—domestic producers are challenged by market recessions, high inflation, and imported goods with superior branding. These difficulties limit local enterprise growth and overall industry development. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive policy reforms, sustained infrastructure investment, and systematic development of competitive advantages. Establishing a clear economic framework for sport could improve data collection, policy implementation, and sustainable growth. The present study was designed to explore key factors influencing Iran’s sports industry development and propose an evidence-based model to guide future efforts. Mothodology This study employed a qualitative research design grounded in the principles of Grounded Theory, specifically following the systematic and widely recognized methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin. Grounded Theory is particularly suitable for investigating complex social, economic, and organizational phenomena where existing theoretical frameworks are either insufficient, culturally inappropriate, or not fully applicable to the local context. The present research is developmental in nature and adopts a foundational orientation. It does not merely describe the current state of Iran’s sports industry but aims to generate a substantive theory that can inform strategic decision-making by policymakers, industry managers, and academic researchers. The primary objective was to explore key concepts, categories, and contextual factors necessary for the development of the sports industry in Iran and to propose a comprehensive, empirically grounded development model for the sector. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with carefully selected participants who possessed significant expertise and practical experience relevant to the research topic. Participants included academic experts in sport management, senior sports managers from governmental and non-governmental organizations, and active professionals working in the sports manufacturing sector, including producers, distributors, and quality controllers. A total of twelve in-depth interviews were conducted, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. Theoretical saturation refers to the point at which additional interviews yield no new concepts, categories, patterns, or insights relevant to the developing theory. Initial interviews revealed that coding had become largely repetitive by the ninth session, indicating that saturation was approaching. However, to ensure data sufficiency, conceptual depth, and analytical stability, the researcher conducted three additional interviews. These confirmed that no substantially new information was emerging, thereby validating the completeness and adequacy of the dataset. Interview questions were designed flexibly and tailored to each participant’s specific organizational role, professional background, and area of expertise. This approach allowed the researcher to elicit rich, context-sensitive, and sometimes unexpected insights that would not have emerged from a rigid, standardized questionnaire. Following each interview, immediate verbatim transcription was performed to preserve the accuracy, nuance, and authenticity of participants’ responses. Coding commenced shortly thereafter and proceeded through three sequential stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. During open coding, the data were systematically broken down into discrete concepts, and 632 initial codes were identified. These were subsequently refined by eliminating redundancies, merging closely related codes, and removing those irrelevant to the core research focus, resulting in 259 unique open codes. In the axial coding stage, these 259 codes were systematically grouped into 49 categories based on thematic similarities, logical relationships, and underlying patterns observed across interviews. Finally, selective coding was employed to integrate and refine these categories into a smaller set of core categories that could form the basis of a unified theoretical model. To enhance the study’s validity and reliability, several methodological measures were implemented. Theoretical saturation was employed as the primary criterion for concluding data collection, ensuring that findings were comprehensive and that key themes had consistently emerged across multiple interviews. The coding process involved meticulous, iterative reviews of transcripts and codes, with constant comparison between emerging categories and raw data. This approach helped align the analysis closely with participants’ original meanings and minimized the risk of researcher bias. Additionally, the researcher maintained a detailed audit trail documenting analytical decisions and interpretive steps, further strengthening the study’s trustworthiness. This rigorous qualitative methodology enabled the development of an empirically grounded and contextually relevant model to advance Iran’s sports industry, faithfully reflecting the perspectives and lived experiences of key stakeholders. Fingdings All interviews were conducted as semi-structured conversations, and an interview guide was sent to participants in advance to allow for thoughtful preparation. A total of twelve interviews were completed. All participants were male, reflecting the current gender distribution in senior management and manufacturing roles within Iran’s sports industry. Their educational backgrounds were predominantly at the master’s and doctoral levels, and they possessed significant professional experience in various segments of the sports sector, including production, policy-making, and academic research. This depth of experience ensured that the data collected were both knowledgeable and practically relevant. In the open coding phase, 632 initial codes were extracted. After careful refinement—removing duplicates, merging conceptually similar codes, and eliminating those irrelevant to the research focus—259 unique codes remained. During axial coding, these 259 codes were grouped into 49 categories based on their thematic similarities and the relationships observed among them. Among these categories, the highest frequency codes were associated with “the relationship between the sports industry and other industries” and “facilities, equipment, and infrastructure.” This finding suggests that participants viewed sport as deeply interconnected with broader economic and social systems and that physical infrastructure is a primary enabler of industry growth. In contrast, categories such as “championship sports,” “facilitation,” and “individual efforts” had the lowest frequencies. Notably, the category “role of government and parliament in legislation” was also identified as highly significant, indicating that participants recognized the importance of formal legal and regulatory frameworks, even if this theme was not the most frequently coded. Following the axial coding stage, the 49 categories were further condensed into 12 axial codes that represent the main conceptual pillars underlying the development of Iran’s sports industry. Among these 12, “sports economy” and “education and human resources” were the most frequently cited by participants. This finding underscores their critical importance according to the interviewees. Economic factors—including investment, revenue generation, financial sustainability, market dynamics, pricing, and taxation—are crucial to any industry’s growth. Simultaneously, no industry can thrive without skilled, well-trained human capital. Therefore, these two concepts are fundamentally linked: a strong sports economy depends on educated managers, marketers, coaches, designers, and technicians, while effective education and training systems require economic support to function and expand. Interestingly, while the axial code for “major sports organizations” (e.g., national federations, the Ministry of Sport) had a relatively moderate number of codes, “non-sports organizations” played a surprisingly large role. Non-sports organizations included entities such as the military, municipalities, educational institutions (schools and universities), and various governmental bodies not primarily focused on sport. This finding reflects the interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral nature of sports development, in which many external organizations contribute significantly even when sport is not their core mission. For example, municipalities build and maintain public recreational spaces, the military provides physical training facilities, and universities produce research and trained graduates that benefit the sports industry. Each of the 12 axial codes was carefully defined based on interview data. These included: governance by sports organizations, the intermediary and supportive role of non-sports organizations, legislation and regulatory frameworks, human resource development and training, production support (including subsidies and quality standards), private-sector involvement and incentives, sports economics, infrastructure, the multifaceted nature of sport, cultural factors, marketing, and political influences. To build a comprehensive development model, these axial codes were then systematically linked using selective coding, organizing them into a coherent framework that identifies causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, action strategies, and expected consequences. Discussion and Conclusion The research highlights that the development of the sports industry is a multifaceted, non-linear process influenced by a wide range of interconnected factors. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing sport not merely as entertainment or physical activity but as a multi-dimensional field involving multiple organizations and stakeholders. Human resources and education emerge as crucial drivers, indicating that skilled personnel significantly impact growth. Infrastructure is identified as a foundational element. Moreover, political, cultural, and legal factors strongly affect sports development through international cooperation, policy-making, and media influence. The study also underscores the growing importance of private-sector involvement and economic strategies such as marketing and export expansion. Ultimately, a holistic and integrated approach that fosters cross-sector collaboration is vital to advancing the sports industry effectively. Policymakers, industry leaders, and academic institutions must work together to implement the model developed in this study, tailoring its recommendations to local conditions while maintaining a clear vision for long-term, sustainable development. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Economy, private sector, infrastructure, political factors, culture | ||
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