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حفظ قرارداد از طریق اعمال جبران خسارت فراتر از خسارت واقعی در حقوق ایران و آمریکا | ||
| دوفصلنامه علمی دانش حقوق مدنی | ||
| دوره 13، 1 (بهار و تابستان 1403- پیاپی 25)، فروردین 1403، صفحه 77-92 اصل مقاله (855.79 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30473/clk.2024.70543.3238 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید حسن حسینی1؛ سیدحسن حسینی مقدم* 2؛ مهدی فلاح خاریکی3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، آمل، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار گروه حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، آمل،ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| حفظ حقوق و تعهدات و تضمین اجرای آنها یکی از اهداف حقوق قراردادها است که در قالب اصول حقوقی مختلفی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، اما مواردی وجود دارد که یکی از طرفین قرارداد عامدانه و فرصت‌طلبانه اقدام به نقض قرارداد می‌کند. در این موارد اگر طرف ناقض قرارداد بتواند علاوه بر پرداخت خسارت، منافعی برای خود کسب نماید، این مسئله موجب رواج نقض قرارداد شده و اصل لزوم قراردادها را با چالش مواجه می‌سازد. بنابراین، چالش اصلی که به آن خواهیم پرداخت، بررسی راهکارهایی است که از بازدارندگی کافی در مقابل این موارد نقض قرارداد برخوردار باشند. مسئله ایجاد بازدارندگی چالش اصلی پیش روی قواعد مسئولیت قراردادی در حقوق ایران است؛ چراکه چنین رویکردهایی به‌ندرت در قواعد مسئولیت قراردادی ایران دیده می‌شود. بر این اساس سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که مبانی اعمال جبران خسارت فراتر از خسارت واقعی چیست و آیا مصادیق آن در حقوق ایران قابل اعمال است یا خیر. در انتها به این نتیجه خواهیم رسید که قواعد معمول جبران خسارات از بازدارندگی کافی برای مدیریت نقض کارآمد قرارداد و نقض فرصت‌طلبانه آن برخوردار نیستند و لازم است تا در این موارد جبران خسارت بیشتر از مقدار خسارات واقعی صورت گیرد. این رویکرد در حقوق ایالات متحده در قالب جبران خسارت تنبیهی و جبران خسارت استرداد منافع ناشی از طمع‌ورزی دیده می‌شود و در حقوق ایران نیز در صورتی که به‌عنوان قانون تصویب شده و شرایط آن رعایت شود، دارای اثر بازدارندگی کافی خواهد بود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| جبران خسارت؛ خسارات واقعی؛ خسارات تنبیهی؛ خسارات طمع‌ورزی؛ نقض قرارداد؛ حفظ قرارداد | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Preservation of Contracts Through the Application of Damages Beyond Actual Damages in Iran and the US Law | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Seyed Hasan Hosseini1؛ Seyed Hasan Hosseini Moghaddam2؛ Mehdi Fallah Kharyeki3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student in Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Preserving rights and obligations and ensuring their enforcement stand as key objectives of contract law, underscored through various legal principles. Nevertheless, instances arise where one party deliberately and opportunistically breaches a contract. If the breaching party stands to gain benefits beyond mere damages, this trend could propagate contract breaches and undermine the fundamental principle of contractual necessity. Thus, our primary focus is to explore deterrent measures against such breaches. Creating effective deterrence poses a significant challenge within Iranian contractual liability laws, where such mechanisms are seldom evident. Ultimately, we argue that conventional rules of damages lack adequate deterrence against efficient and opportunistic breaches, necessitating compensation exceeding actual damages in these instances. This approach mirrors practices in US law, incorporating punitive damages and recovery of benefits stemming from opportunism (disgorgement). If this approach adopted in Iranian law and met with requisite conditions, such measures could yield a substantial deterrent effect. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Deterrence, Damages, Punitive Damages, Disgorgement | ||
| مراجع | ||
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