Computer, Information and Multimedia Literacy among EFL Teachers: Construction and Validation of a Scale

[1] C. Chapelle. Computer applications in second language acquisition, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press(2001).

[2] H.J. Shin, J.B. Son, EFL teachers’ perceptions and perspectives on Internet-assisted language teaching. CALL-EJ Online8. Retrieved July 17, 2010 from http://www.tell.is.ritsumei.ac.jp/callejonline/journal/8-2/h-js_j-bs.html(2007)

[3] T. Erben,R.Ban, &M.Castaneda,Teaching English language learners through technology. NY: Routledge(2009).

[4] H. Shetzer,M. Warschauer, An electronic literacy approach to network-based language teaching. In M.Warschauer and R.Kern (Eds.), Network-based language teaching: Concepts and practice (pp. 171–185). New York: Cambridge University Press(2000).

[5] G. G. Bitter,S. J. Davis, Measuring the development of computer literacy among teachers. AEDS Journal, 18 (4),(1985)243-253.

[6] R. C. Overbaugh. Critical elements of computer literacy for teachers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Society of Educators and Scholars, (1993).

[7] T. Ozsevgec,. Computer literacy of Turkish preservice teachers in different teacher training programs.Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(1), (2011)13-21.

[8] F. Zhang, B. Barber. Computer-enhanced language acquisition and learning. New York: Information Science Reference (2008).

[9] F. Kılıçkaya,G. Seferoğlu, ‘The impact of CALL instruction on English language teachers’ use of technology in language teaching’, Journal of Second and Multiple Language Acquisition-JSMULA, Vol.1, No. 1,(2013)  20-38.

[10] N. Milman,K. Kortecamp. Assessing pre-service teachers technology competencies: What have they learned through teacher preparation? In C. Crawford et al. (Eds), (2006). Proceedings of society for information technology & teacher education international conference,(2006)102–107

[11]   C. Winnas,D.S. Brown. Some factors affecting elementary teachers' use of the computer. Computers Education, 18, (1992)301-309.

[12] G. Kessler, Assessing CALL teacher training: What are we doing and what could we do better? Teacher  Education in CALL, (2006)23-42.

[13] L. Compton, Preparing language teachers to teach language online: a lookat skills, roles, and responsibilities. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(1), (2009)73-99.

[14] T.S. Hasselbring. Improving education through technology. Preventing School Failure, 35 (3), (1991)33-37.

[15] Z. Pilus. Teachers' interest in CALL and their level of computer literacy: Some implications. On-CALL, 9 (3). Retrieved from http://www.cltr.uq.edu.au/oncall/pilus93.html (1995).

[16] D. A. Norman,Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co (1993).

[17] J. S. Daniel,Mega-Schools, technology and teachers: Achieving education for all. New York, Routledge (2010).

[18] Ch. Luke,J. Britten, The expanding role of technology in foreign language teacher education programs. CALICO Journal, 24(2), (2007) 253-267.

[19] R. Kern, Technology and language learning. In J. Simpson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics, (pp. 200-214). New York: Routledge (2011). 

[20] S. Jahromi,F. Salimi, Exploring the human element of computer-assisted languagelearning: An Iranian context. Computer Assisted  Language Learning, 26(2), (2013)158-176.

[21] L. Çelik,M. Keskin, The effects of the primary class teachers ‘information technology literacy skill level on students’ achievement: The case of afyonkarahisar.Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences,1(1), (2009)1167-1171. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.210

[22] S. Korobili, A. Malliari, E. Daniilidou , et al, A paradigm of information literacy for Greek high school teachers. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 43(2),(2011)78–87.

[23] J. B. Son,T. Robb,I. Charismiadji. Computer literacy and competency: A survey of Indonesian teachers of English as a foreign language. CALL-EJ, 12(1), (2011)26–42.

[24] R. Dashtestani, Computer literacy of Iranian teachers of English as a foreign language: Challenges and obstacles. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 9(1), (2014)87-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082022

[25] G. V. Sardegna, Yu, Taiwanese elementary school teachers’ computer literacy and use: Implications for language teaching training programs. CALL-EJ, 16(1), (2015) 1-15.

[26]M. Dellicarpini,L. College, Action research, building computer technology skills in TESOL teacher education. Language Learning & Technology. 16 (2), (2012) 14-23.

[27] D. Bawden, Information and digital literacies: a review of concepts. Journal of Documentation,57(2), (2001) 218–259.

[28] American Library Association. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy. Final Report. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1989.) http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers-/presiden

[29] N. Aharony, J. Bronstein, Academic librarians' perceptions on information literacy: The Israeli perspective. Libraries and the Academy, 14(1), (2014)103-119.

[30] S. Kurbanoğlu, B. Akkoyunlu,A. Umay, Developing the information literacy self-efficacy scale. Journal of Documentation, 62(4), (2006)730-743.

[31] S. L. Thorne, R. Black Language and literacy development in computer-mediated contexts and communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 27,(2008)133-160.

[32] E. Probert, Information literacy skills: Teacher understandings and practice. Computers & Education 53(1),(2009)24–33.

[33] T. Saracevic. Information literacy in the United States: Contemporary transformations and controversies. European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL). Dubrovnik, Croatia(2014).

[34] C. Bruce (). Information literacy as a catalyst for educational change: A background paper. Retrieved February 20, 2007 from

[35] R. E. Mayer,Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press (2009).

[36] D. Unić,N. Mikelić Preradović,D. Boras, The importance of teachers in multimedia literacy education. In M. Margensten, K. Psarris, and D. Mandic (Eds.). Recent Advances in Information Science, Proceedings of the 4^th Conference of Computer Science, (2013) pp.231-237.

[37] P. Ware, Language learners and multimedia: Literacy in and after school. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 3,(2008) 37–51. doi:10.1080/15544800701771598

[38] N. Strudler,M. McKinney, W. Jones, First-year teachers' use of technology: Preparation, expectations and realities. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 7(2), (1999)115-129.

[39] B. E. Zamani, Successful implementation factors for using computers in Iranian schools during one decade (1995–2005). Computers & Education,54(1), (2010)59–68.

[40] L. Li,Understanding language teachers' practice with educational technology: A case from China. System, 46, (2014)105-119. doi:10.1016/j.system.2014.07.016

[41] J. M. Clausen, Beginning teachers' technology use: First-year teacher development and the institutional context's affect on new teachers' instructional technology use with students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(3), (2007) 245-261.

[42] J. Egbert,T. Paulus,Y. Nakamichi, The impact of CALL instruction on classroom computer use: A foundation for rethinking technology in teacher education. Language Learning and Technology, 6(3), (2002)108-126.

[43] N. Puakpong, A. Lian, Factors Affecting the Normalization of CALL in Chinese Senior High Schools. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(3), (2015) 189-201.

[44] R. Debski Exploring the re-creation of a CALL innovation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 13(4/5), (2000). pp. 307-332.

[45] T. Sonia Tladi, Perceived Ability and Success: Which Self-efficacy Measures Matter? A Distance Learning Perspective, Open Learning: The journal of Open Distance and E-learning, Published online July (2017). doi: 10.1080/02680513.2017.1356711

[46] M. Simson, Smaldino, Sh., M., & M. S. Zevasek, Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education, 6^th ed. USA: Information Age Publishing Inc. 2015.

[47] C. Lai, M.Y. Gu, Self-regulated out-of-class language learning with technology. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24, (2011) 317–335.

[48] C. Lai, Perceiving and traversing in-class and out-of-class learning: accounts from foreign language learners in Hong Kong. Innovation in Language Learning andTeaching. Advance Online Publishing. (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17501229.(2014).918982.