پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 41 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 1,114 |
| تعداد مقالات | 9,532 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 17,206,539 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 12,040,776 |
شناسایی مناطق پرتعارض انسان و خرس قهوه‌ای (Ursus arctos) در استان مازندران | ||
| فصلنامه علمی زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی | ||
| دوره 9، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 34، آبان 1399، صفحه 83-95 اصل مقاله (438.32 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30473/eab.2020.44841.1688 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ماریا مددی1؛ باقر نظامی* 2؛ محمد کابلی3؛ حمید ضا رضایی4 | ||
| 1کارشناس ارزیابی و آمایش سرزمین، دانشکده محیط زیست، سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، کرج، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، دانشکده محیط زیست، سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، کرج، ایران | ||
| 3استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| امروزه تقابل انسان و حیات وحش از چالش‌های مهم در حفاظت از تنوع زیستی قلمداد می‌شود. افزایش این تعارض‌ها موجب افزایش نگرش منفی توسط مردم محلی نسبت به حیات وحش شده که پی‌آمد آن افزایش قابل توجه شکار غیرقانونی این دسته از گونه‌ها به‌ویژه در مناطقی که تراکم بالای جمعیت انسانی و حیات وحش دارد، شده است. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین مهم‌ترین محدوده‌های تعارض‌های خرس قهوه‌ای با انسان و دارایی‌های انسان در استان مازندران و همچنین شناسایی توزیع مناطق با خطر بالقوه بالای حملات این گونه جهت مدیریت تعارض‌ها و تقابل این گونه و مردم محلی مناطق کوهستانی در این استان به انجام رسید. داده‌های تعارض از طریق پرسشنامه و بررسی‌های میدانی جمع‌آوری شد. متغیرهای مورد استفاده در مدل‌سازی شامل ترکیبی از متغیرهای زیستگاهی و انسانی بوده است. در این مطالعه 150حمله از خرس‌های قهوه‌ای به انسان و دارایی‌های انسان ثبت شد که شامل 16 حمله به انسان، 67 حمله به باغ‌های میوه، 19 حمله به دام‌های اهلی و 48 مورد تخریب کندوهای زنبور عسل بوده است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بیشترین تعارض‌ها در فصل بهار و پاییز صورت گرفته است. همچنین نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که مهم‌ترین عوامل در بروز تعارض‌ها متغیرهای ارتفاع از سطح دریا، فاصله تا روستا و وجود باغ‌های میوه بوده است. بیشترین تعارض‌ها با انسان و سرمایه‌های انسانی در گستره 150 تا 3000 متر بروز می‌کند. از سوی دیگر وجود باغات میوه در اطراف روستاها عامل معناداری در جذب خرس‌ها شناسائی شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ارتفاع از سطح دریا؛ باغ‌های میوه؛ تعارض انسان و خرس قهوه‌ای؛ دام‌های اهلی؛ مدل‌سازی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Identifying Human-Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Conflicts Areas in Mazandaran Province | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Marya Madadi1؛ Bagher Nezami2؛ Mohammad Kaboli3؛ Hamid Reza Rezaei4 | ||
| 1M.A. of Land Use Planning, College of Environment, Department of Environment, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Collage of Environment, Department of Environment, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, College of Natural Resources and Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 4Associate Professor, College of Fishery and Environment, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Science, Gorgan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Today, human and wildlife conflict, especially big carnivores such as brown bear, is one of the most challenges and difficulties in biodiversity conservation. Increasing the conflicts have resulted in increasing the negative attitude of local people toward the wildlife and as a result of that leads to increasing poaching of carnivores, especially in an area such as Mazandaran Province which has a high density of human and wildlife. We conducted this study by identifying the area with a high conflicts between the bear and human and human assets in Mazandaran Province. Moreover, we used field observation data to diagnose the distribution of mountainous areas which are potentially exposed to bear attacks in the Province. We collected the bear damages data by questionnaire form and field surveys. Biogeoclimatic variables which were used in the analyses are elevation, distance to the village, the density of beehives, human footprint, the density of domestic animals and land use. We recorded 150 bear attacks to human and human properties which include 16 to human, 19 to domestic animals, 67 and 48 destruction of fruit gardens and beehives, respectively. According to the results, most conflicts are in the spring and autumn. The most important variables are elevation, distance to village and fruit gardens. According to the results, human-bear conflicts in the Mazandaran Province are in the elevation range between 150 to 3000 m. On the other hand, fruit gardens around the villages have a key role in attracting bears to human settlements. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Domestic animals, Elevation, Fruit gardens, Human-brown bear conflict, Modeling | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abidavi, Z.; Rangzan, K.; Mirzaei, R.; Kabolizadeh, M. (2016). Modeling the desirability of brown bear (Ursus arctos) habitat in Shimbar protected area, Khuzestan province. Journal of Ecology; 5(4): 61-71. (in Persian)
Ambarli, H.; Bilgin, C.C. (2008). Human–brown bear conflicts in Artvin, northeastern Turkey: Encounters, damage, and attitudes. Ursus; 19(2): 146-153.
Apss, C.; Mclellan, B.; Woods, J.; Proctor, M. (2004). Estimating grizzly bear distribution and abundance relative to habitat and human influence. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 68 (1), 138-152.
Ataei, F.; Karami, M.; Kaboli, M. (2012). Desirability of the summer habitat of brown beans (Ursus arctos) in the South Alborz Protected Area. Journal of Natural Environment; 65(2): 235-245. (in Persian)
Behdarvand, N.; Kaboli, M. (2015). Characteristics of Gray Wolf Attacks on Humans in an Altered Landscape in the West of Iran. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, March, 1-11.
Brown, D.E.; Conover, M.R. (2008). How people should respond when encountering a large carnivore: Opinions of wildlife professionals. Human-Wildlife Conflicts; 2: 194-199.
Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Hanni, C. (2009). Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. Diversity and Distribution, 1-9.
Can, Ö.E.; D'Cruze, N.; Garshelis, D.L.; Beecham, J.; Macdonald, D.W. (2014). Resolving human‐bear conflict: a global survey of countries, experts, and key factors. Conservation Letters; 7(6): 501-513.
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casualties and livestock depredation by black and brown bears in the Indian Himalaya. 1989–98. Ursus; 14: 84-87.
Chauhan, N.P.S.; Bargali, H.S.; Akhtar, N. (2002). Human-sloth bear conflicts, causal factors and management implications in Bilaspur Forest Division, Chattishgarh, India. In T. Kvam and O.J. Sörensen (Eds.), Living with bears. Steinkjer, Norway: International Congress on Bear Research and Management.
Creachbaum, M.S.; Johnson, C.; Schmidt, R.H. (1998). Living on the edge: a process for redesigning campgrounds in grizzly bear habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning; 42(2-4): 269-286.
Dharaiya, N. (2009). Evaluating habitat and human–bear conflicts in North Gujarat, India, to seek solutions for human–bear coexistence. Research Project Report I-submitted to the Small Grants Division, Rufford Foundation, London, England, UK.
Dickman, A.J.; Hazzah, L.; Carbone, C.; Durant, S.M. (2014). Carnivores, culture and ‘contagious conflict’: Multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape. Biological conservation; 178: 19-27.
Dickman, A.J.; Hazzah, L. (2016). Money, myths and man-eaters: complexities of human–wildlife conflict. In Problematic Wildlife (pp. 339-356). Springer, Cham.
Dorresteijn, I.; Milcu, A.I.; Leventon, J.; Hanspach, J.; Fischer, J. (2015). Social factors mediating human–carnivore coexistence: Understanding thematic strands influencing coexistence in Central Romania. Ambio. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0760-7.
Flory, A.R.; Kumar, S.; Stohlgren, T.J.; Cryan, P.M. (2012). Environmental conditions associated with bat white‐nose syndrome mortality in the north‐eastern United States. Journal of Applied Ecology; 49(3): 680-689.
Fortin, J.K.; Rode, K.D.; Hilderbrand, G.V.; Wilder, J.; Farley, S.; Jorgensen, C.; Marcot, B.G. (2016). Impacts of human recreation on brown bears (Ursus arctos): a review and new management tool. PloSone; 11(1): e0141983.
Frackowiak, W.; Theuerkauf, J.; Pirga, B.; Gula, R. (2014). Brown bear habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic structures in the Bieszczady Mountains, Poland. Biologia, 69/7: Section Zoology.
Fredriksson, G. (2005). Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Ursus, 16: 130-137.
Gholamhosseini, A.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Ahani, H.; Teimory, A.; Ebrahimi, M.; Kami, H.Gh.; Zohrabi, H. (2009). Study of topography and climate effects on brown bear Ursus arctos (Linneaus, 1758): Carnivora, Ursidae distribution in south of Iran with use of Geographic Information System (GIS). Iranian Journal of Biology; 23(2): 215-233. (in Persian)
Gillin, C. M.; Hammond, F.M.; Peterson, C.M. (1994). Evaluation of an aversive conditioning technique used on female grizzly bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem. Bears: Their Biology and Management; 503-512.
Greenleaf, S.S.; Matthews, S.M.; Wright, R.G.; Beecham, J.J.; Leithead, H.M. (2009). Food habits of American black bears as a metric for direct management of human–bear conflict in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California. Ursus; 20(2): 94-101.
Gula, R.; Frackowiak, W. (2000). Nied´zwied´z brunatny Bieszczadach (Brown bears in the Bieszczady Mountains). Monografie Bieszczadzkie; 9: 103-125.
Gunther, K.A.; Haroldson, M.A.; Frey, K.; Cain, S.L.; Copeland, J.; Schwartz, C.C. (2004). Grizzly bear–human conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 1992–2000. Ursus; 15(1): 10-22.
Gurung, B.; Smith, J.L.D.; McDougal, C.; Karki, J.B.; Barlow, A. (2008). Factors associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation; 141(12): 3069-3078.
Gusset, M.; Maddock, A.H.; Gunther, G.J.; Szykman, M.; Slotow, R.; Walters, M.; Somers, M.J. (2008). Conflicting human interests over the re-introduction of endangered wild dogs in South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation; 17: 83-101.
Gutleb, B.; Ziaie, H. (1999). On the distribution and status of the brown bear Ursus arctos and the Asiatic black bear U. thibetanus in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East; 18: 5-8.
Hakim Dost, Y.; Por Zaidi; A.M.; Gerami, M.S. (2015). Spatial Analysis of Bandgap Precipitation in Mazandaran Province in the Geographic Information System (GIS). Journal of Geographic Information; 26(102): 192-203. (in Persian)
Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoff Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). Lions and Warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation; 142: 2428-2437.
Holmern, T.; Nyahongo, J.; Røskaft, E. (2007). Livestock loss caused by predators outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation; 135: 518-526.
Homami, M.R.; Esmaeili, S.; Safianian, A.R. (2015). Estimation of distribution of Asian cheetah, Iranian leopard and brown bear in response to environmental variables in Isfahan province. Journal of Applied Ecology; 23(): 51-63. (in Persian)
Kaboli, M.; Behdarvand, N.; Ebrahim Por, R.; Jabbarian Amiri, B. (2012). Prediction of environmental hazards and application of risk maps for wolf attacks on humans in Hamadan province. Journal of Animal Environment; 5(1): 85-94. (in Persian)
Kansky, R.; Kidd, M.; Knight, A.T. (2014). Meta-analysis of attitudes toward damage-causing mammalian wildlife. Conservation Biology; 28: 924-938.
Karami, M.; Faizollahi, K.; Ghadiriyan, T. (2015). Atlas of mammals in Iran. Jahad University Press.
Kouchali, F. (2018). Habitat selection of Brown Bear Ursus arctos in Northern Slop of Alborz Mountain of Iran. MSc. Thesis, College of the Environment, Department of the Environment. (in Persian)
Liu, F.; Mc Shea, W.J.; Garshelis, D.L.; Zhu, X.; Wang, D.; Shao, L. (2011). Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China. Biological Conservation; 144: 538-547.
Löe, J.; Röskaft, E. (2004). Large carnivores and human safety: A review. Ambio ; 33: 283-288.
Marashi, M.; Turk Qashqaei, A.; Marashi, M.; Nejat, F. (2017). Seasonal human-brown bear conflicts in northern Iran: implications for conservation, Zoology and Ecology; 27(2): 100-102.
Marley, J.; Hydea, A.; Joseph, H.; Salkelda, M.C.; Primaa, P.; Susan, L.; Sengerb, E.; Tyson, R.C. (2017). Does human education reduce conflicts between humans and bears? An agent-based modelling approach. Ecological Modelling; 343: 15-24.
Mattson, D.J. (1990). Human impacts on bear habitat use. Bears: their biology and management, 33-56.
Mattson, D.J.; Blanchard, B.M.; Knight, R.R. (1992). Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and white bark pine seed crops. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 432-442.
Mohan, D. (1997). Leopard depredation problem in Chamoli Garhwal. Indian Forester; 8: 895-901.
Nezami, B. (2008). Ecological study of brown bear (Ursus arctos) on Golestanak core zone in central Alborz Protected Area, Mazandaran Province. MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Nezami, B.; Farhadinia, M.S. (2011). Litter sizes of brown bears in the Central Alborz Protected Area, Iran. Ursus; 22(2): 167-171.
Nezami, B. (2014). Seasonal food habits of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cenral Alborz Protected Area. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 6th Year, No. 19, Summer. (in Persian)
Ogra, M. (2009). Attitudes toward resolution of human-wildlife conflict among forest-dependent agriculturalists near Rajaji National Park, India. Human Ecology; 37: 161-177.
Pettigrew, M.; Xie, Y.; Kang, A.; Rao, M.; Goodrich, J.; Liu, T.; Berger, J. (2012). Human-carnivore conflict in China: A review of current approaches with recommendations for improved management. Integrative Zoology; 7: 210-226.
Phillips, S.J.; Anderson, R.P.; Schapire, R.E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological modelling; 190(3): 231-259.
Phillipes, S.J.; Dudík, M. (2008). Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography; 31: 161-175.
Ripple, W.J.; Estes, J.A.; Beschta, R.L.; Wilmers, C.C.; Ritchie, E.G.; Hebblewhite, M.; Berger, J.; Elmhagen, B. (2014). Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science; 343: 1241484.
Roostanet, (2017). Available from http://www.roostanet.ir/ (in Persian)
Sato, Y.; Mano, T.; Takatsuki, S. (2005). Stomach contents of brown bears Ursus arctos in Hokkaido, Japan. Wildlife Biology, 11(2), 133-144.
Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Switzer, D. (2004). Management of wild canids in human-dominated landscapes. Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Canid Specialist Group.
Skrbinšek, A.M.; Krofel, M. (2015). Defining, Preventing, and Reacting to Problem Bear Behaviour in Europe. sl.
Statistical Center of Iran, (2017). Available from https://www.amar.org.ir/
Thirgood, S.; Woodroffe, R.; Rabinowitz, A. (2005). The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods. In People and wildlife, conflict or co-existence? 13-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Treves, A.; Karanth, K.U. (2003). Human–carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology; 17: 1491-1499.
Treves A.; Martin K.A.; Wydeven, A.P.; Wiedenhoeft, J.E. (2011). Forecasting environmental hazards and the application of risk maps to predator attacks on livestock. Bioscience; 61: 451-458.
Treves, A.; Naughton-Treves, L.; Harper, E.K.; Mladenoff, D.J.; Rose, R.A.; Sickley, T.A.; Wydeven, A.P. (2004). Predicting human-carnivore conflict: A spatial model derived from 25 years of data on wolf predation on livestock. Conservation Biology; 18: 114-125.
Wang, S.W.; Lassoie, J.P.; Curtis, P.D. (2006). Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Environmental Conservation; 33: 148-156.
White, L.A.; Gehrt, S.D. (2009). Coyote attacks on human in the United States and Canada. Human Dimensions of Wildlife; 14: 419-432.
Wilson, S.M.; Madel, M.J.; Mattson, D.J. (2005). Natural landscape features, human-related attractants, and conflict hotspots: a spatial analysis of human-grizzly bear conflicts. Biological Conservation; 16: 117-129.
Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation; 3: 165-173.
Worthy, F.R.; Foggin, J.M. (2008). Conflicts between local villagers and Tibetan brown bears threaten conservation of bears in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau. Human–Wildlife Conflicts; 2: 200-205.
Wydeven, A.P.; Treves, A.; Brost, B.; Wiedenhoeft, J.E.; Fascione, N.; Delach, A.; Smith, M. (2004). Characteristics of wolf packs in Wisconsin: identification of traits influencing depredation. People and Predators: From Conflict to Coexistence, pp. 28-50.
Zarei, A.; Abedi, S.; Mahmodi, M.; Peirovi Latif, Sh. (2015). Evaluation of winter habitat of brown bears (Ursus arctos syriacus) and regression using general linear modeling in southern Iran. Journal of Ecology; 4(14): 75-85. (in Persian) | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 537 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 488 |
||