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نقد مفهوم انتظارات مشروع سرمایهگذاران در تقابل با انتظارات مشروع دولتهای میزبان در حقوق سرمایهگذاری بینالمللی | ||
دوفصلنامه علمی دانش حقوق مدنی | ||
دوره 12، (پاییز و زمستان 1402- پیاپی 24)، مهر 1402، صفحه 121-136 اصل مقاله (1.5 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30473/clk.2024.69922.3219 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مجید غمامی* 1؛ سید محمد آیتی نجف آبادی2؛ محمود باقری3 | ||
1دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
2دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق مالی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران،تهران،ایران. | ||
3دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
انتظارات مشروع، مفهوم یا به عبارت دیگر، دکترینی است که معمولاً توسط سرمایهگذاران در دعاوی علیه دولت میزبان در دادگاهها و دیوانهای داوری به دلیل نقض تعهدات (توسط دولت میزبان سرمایه) که سرمایهگذاریِ آنها را مختل کرده است، مورد استناد قرار میگیرد که البته اصولاً این خواستهها متکی به توافق کتبی به طور صریح نیستند. آنچه که مفهوم انتظار مشروع به خودی خود متضمن آن است، چندان روشن نیست. دادگاه های داوری نیز در رویه به دلیل سیال بودن مفهوم آن، با اختلاف روبهرو هستند. باید گفت انتظارات مشروع عمدتاً به عنوان یک مؤلفه (یا یکی از عناصر اساسی) استاندارد رفتار منصفانه و عادلانه (FET) به کار گرفته شده است، اگرچه برخی نظر دادهاند که ممکن است به یک دکترین مستقل یا احتمالاً به یک اصل کلی حقوق بینالملل تبدیل شده باشد. درج این مفهوم در قانون ملی یا اساسی کشورها، مسلماًحفاظت و تضمین بیشتری را برای سرمایهگذاران فراهم کرده است که اغلب به ضرر کشورهای میزبان سرمایه است. به طور خاص، کشورهای میزبان در حال توسعه این کار را انجام دادهاند و همچنان انجام میدهند. این کشورها گاهی اوقات خود را در تقابل با انتظارات گسترده سرمایهگذاران میدیدند که از آن انتظار نداشتند. با وجود این، مبنای حقوقی کاربرد این مفهوم در حقوق بینالملل به طور دقیق بررسی نشده است. این پژوهش مفهوم انتظارات مشروع را بررسی میکند و به معنا و محتوای آن، مبنای قانونی و حقوقی آن در حقوق سرمایهگذاری بینالمللی، معایبی که برای دولتهای میزبان دارد، نحوه محدود کردن کاربرد (و تأثیر بالقوه) این مفهوم توسط دولتهای میزبان و بررسی قابلیت ایجاد انتظارات قانونی و مشروع مورد نیاز از سرمایهگذاران به نفع کشورهای میزبان و شهروندانشان میپردازد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
انتظارات مشروع؛ انتظارات سرمایهگذار؛ رفتار منصفانه و عادلانه؛ حمایت از سرمایهگذار؛ موافقتنامه سرمایهگذاری؛ حقوق سرمایهگذاری بینالمللی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
A Critique of the Concept of Legitimate Expectations of Investors in Contrast with the Legitimate Expectations of Host States in International Investment Law | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Majid Ghamami1؛ Sayyed Mohammad Ayati Najaf Abadi2؛ Mahmoud Bagheri3 | ||
1Associate Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (orcid: 0000-0001-5436-1344) | ||
2Master's Student in Financial Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (orcid: 0000-0002-9404-9133) | ||
3Associate Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (orcid: 0000-0002-0057-7534) | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Legitimate expectations is a concept or doctrine that is usually invoked by investors inlawsuits against the host state in courts and arbitration tribunals for breach of commitments(by the host state of capital)thathave disrupted their investments;although these claims are not essentially based on explicit written agreements.What the concept of legitimate expectations entails is not very clear, and arbitration tribunals also differ in their practice due to the fluidity of the concept.It should be said that legitimate expectations have been mainly used as a component (or one of the essential elements)of the standard of fair and equitable treatment(FET)although some have argued that it may have become an independent doctrine or possibly a general principle of international law.The inclusion of this concept in the national or constitutional law of countries has certainly provided more protection and guarantee for investors,which is often to the detriment of the host countries of capital.Specifically,host developing countries have done and continue to do so.These countries sometimes found themselves in conflict with the extensive expectations of investors that they did not expect.Despite this, the legal basis for the application of this concept in international law has not been examined accurately.This research examines the concept of legitimate expectations and its meaning and content, its legal and legal basis in international investment law,the disadvantages it has for host states,how to limit the application(and potential impact)of this concept by host states and examines the possibility of creating legal and legitimate expectations required from investors in favour of host countries and their citizens. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Legitimate Expectations, Investor Expectations, Fair and Equitable Treatment, Protection of Investor, Investment Agreement, International Investment Law | ||
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